The Count of Monte Cristo

The Count of Monte Cristo is a romance novel written by Alexandre Dumas, père that follows the life of Edmond Dantès, a sailor that adopts the persona of the Count of Monte Cristo as he seeks revenge against those that have wronged him. The book was originally published in 1884 and has been released in many versions, including the abridged version we are reading, published by Tor Classics.



Plot Summary
''N.b. In the interest of time, to give you a page you can use as an example, I have inserted a summary from--gasp--Wikipedia. I expect you to write your own summary, not copy-and-paste, and this summary will be replaced with one tailored to our specific version of the novel when I have time to do so.''

Edmond Dantès
In 1815 Edmond Dantès, a young and successful merchant sailor recently granted his own command by his dying captain Leclère, returns to Marseille to marry his fiancée Mercédès. Leclère, a supporter of the exiled Napoléon I, has charged Dantès to deliver two objects: a package to Maréchal Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon Bonaparte on Elba), and a letter from Elba to an unknown man in Paris. On the eve of his wedding to Mercédès, Fernand (Mercédès' cousin and a rival for her affections) and Danglars (who is jealous of Dantes' rapid rise to captain) send an anonymous note accusing Dantès of being a Bonapartist traitor. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, normally a just man, destroys the letter from Elba because it is addressed to his father who is a Bonapartist and he fears that it will harm his career. In order to silence Dantès, he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment. During his fourteen years imprisonment in the Château d'If, Dantes befriends the Abbé Faria ("The Mad Priest"), a fellow prisoner trying to tunnel his way to freedom, who claims knowledge of a massive treasure and continually offers to reward the guards well if they release him. Faria gives Dantès an extensive education. He also explains to Dantès how Danglars, Fernand, and Villefort would each have had their own reasons for wanting Dantès in prison, out of circulation. After years of friendship, and knowing himself to be close to death, Faria tells Dantès the location of the treasure, on Monte Cristo. When Faria dies, Dantès uses his burial sack to stage an escape to a nearby island, and is rescued by a smuggling ship. After several months of working with the smugglers, he goes to Monte Cristo. Dantès fakes an injury and convinces the smugglers to temporarily leave him on Monte Cristo, then makes his way to the hiding place of the treasure. After recovering the treasure, he returns to Marseille, where he learns that his father has died in poverty. He buys a yacht, hides the rest of the treasure on board and buys both the island of Monte Cristo and the title of Count from the Tuscan Government. Returning to Marseille, Dantès plans his revenge but first helps several people who were kind to him before his imprisonment. Traveling as the Abbé Busoni, he meets Caderousse, now living in poverty, whose intervention might have saved Dantès from prison. Dantès learns that his other enemies have all become wealthy since Dantès was betrayed. He gives Caderousse a diamond that can be either a chance to redeem himself, or a trap that will lead to his ruin. Caderousse murders the jeweler to whom he sells the diamond; Caderousse is sentenced to life in the prison galleys. Dantès, using the disguise of English Lord Wilmore, frees Caderousse and gives him another chance at redemption. Caderousse does not take it, and becomes a career criminal. Learning that his old employer Morrel is on the verge of bankruptcy, Dantès, in the guise of a senior clerk, buys all of Morrel's outstanding debts and gives Morrel an extension of three months to fulfill his obligations. At the end of the three months and with no way to repay his debts, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that all of his debts have been mysteriously paid and that one of his ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès.

The Count of Monte Cristo
Disguised as the rich Count of Monte Cristo, Dantès takes revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment: Fernand, now Count De Morcerf and Mercédès's husband; Danglars, now a wealthy banker; and Villefort, now living in Paris. The Count surfaces first in Rome, where he becomes acquainted with the Baron Franz d'Épinay, and Viscount Albert de Morcerf, Mercédès's and Fernand's son. Dantès moves to Paris, and with Albert de Morcerf's introduction, becomes the sensation of the city. Due to his knowledge and rhetorical power, even his enemies, who do not recognize him, find him charming, and because of his status they all desire his friendship. The Count dazzles the crass Danglars with his seemingly endless wealth, eventually persuading him to extend him a 6,000,000 francs credit, and withdraws 900,000. Under the terms of the arrangement, the Count can demand access to the remainder at any time. The Count manipulates the bond market, through a false telegraph signal, and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars' fortune. The rest of it begins to rapidly disappear through mysterious bankruptcies, suspensions of payment, and more bad luck on the Stock Exchange. Villefort had in the past had an affair with Madame Danglars. She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house in which he was living at that time. After suffocating the infant, Villefort had tried to secretly bury it in a box on the grounds of the house but while doing so, he was stabbed by Bertuccio, his sworn enemy, who rescued the infant and brought him back to life. Bertuccio's sister-in-law brought the child up, giving him the name "Benedetto". The Count learns of this story from Bertuccio, who had later becomes his servant. He purchases the very same house and hosts a dinner party there, to which he invites, among others, Villefort and Madame Danglars. During the dinner, the Count announces that, while doing landscaping, he had unearthed a box containing the remains of an infant and had referred the matter to the authorities to investigate. This puzzles Villefort, who knew that the infant's box had been removed and so the Count's story could not be true, and also alarms him that perhaps he knows the secret of his past affair with Madame Danglars and may be taunting him. Meanwhile, Benedetto grows up and becomes a criminal and is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse. After being freed by "Lord Wilmore", Benedetto is sponsored by the Count to take the identity of "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti" and is introduced by him into Parisian society at the same dinner party, with neither Villefort nor Madame Danglars suspecting that Andrea is their presumed dead son. Andrea then ingratiates himself to Danglars who betroths his daughter Eugénie to him after cancelling her engagement to Albert, son of Fernand. Caderousse blackmails Andrea, threatening to reveal his past. Cornered by "Abbé Busoni" while attempting to rob The Count's house, Caderousse begs to be given another chance, but Dantès grimly notes that the last two times he did so, Caderousse did not change. He forces Caderousse to write a letter to Danglars exposing Viscount Cavalcanti as an impostor and allows Caderousse to leave the house, but the moment Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed in the back by Andrea. Caderousse manages to dictate and sign a deathbed statement identifying his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse moments before Caderousse dies. Years before, Ali Pasha, the ruler of Yanina, was betrayed to the Turks by Fernand. After his death, his wife Vasiliki and his daughter Haydée were sold into slavery. Haydée was found and rescued by Dantès and becomes the Count's ward. The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event, which is published in a newspaper. As a result, Fernand is brought to trial for his crimes. Haydée testifies against him, and Fernand is disgraced. Mercédès, still beautiful, alone recognizes the Count as Dantès. When Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and publicly challenges him to a duel, Mercédès goes secretly to the Count and begs him to spare her son. During this interview, she learns the entire truth of his arrest and imprisonment. She later reveals the truth to Albert, which causes Albert to make a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, who is confronted with Dantès' true identity and commits suicide. The mother and son depart to build a new life free of disgrace. Albert enlists as a soldier and goes to Africa in order to rebuild his life and honour under a new name, and Mercédès begins a solitary life in Marseille. Villefort's daughter by his first wife, Valentine, stands to inherit the fortune of her grandfather (Noirtier) and of her mother's parents (the Saint-Mérans), while his second wife, Héloïse, seeks the fortune for her son Édouard. The Count is aware of Héloïse's intentions, and "innocently" introduces her to the technique of poison. Héloïse fatally poisons the Saint-Mérans, so that Valentine inherits their fortune. Valentine is disinherited by Noirtier in an attempt to prevent Valentine's impending marriage with Franz d'Épinay. The marriage is cancelled when d'Épinay learns that his father (believed assassinated by Bonapartists) was killed by Noirtier in a duel. Afterwards, Valentine is reinstated in Noirtier's will. After a failed attempt on Noirtier's life, which instead claims the life of Noirtier's servant Barrois, Héloïse then targets Valentine so that Édouard will finally get the fortune. However, Valentine is the prime suspect in her father's eyes in the deaths of the Saint-Merans and Barrois. On learning that Morrel's son Maximilien is in love with Valentine, the Count saves her by making it appear as though Héloïse's plan to poison Valentine has succeeded and that Valentine is dead. Villefort learns from Noirtier that Héloïse is the real murderer and confronts her, giving her the choice of a public execution or committing suicide by her own poison. Fleeing after Caderousse's letter exposes him, Andrea gets as far as Compiègne before he is arrested and brought back to Paris, where he is prosecuted by Villefort. While in prison awaiting trial, Andrea is visited by Bertuccio who tells him who his father is and at his trial Andrea reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive. A stunned Villefort admits his guilt and flees the court. He rushes home to stop his wife's suicide but is too late; she has poisoned her son as well. Dantès confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, but this, combined with the shock of the trial's revelations and the death of his wife and son, drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries to resuscitate Édouard but fails, and despairs that his revenge has gone too far. It is only after he revisits his cell in the Château d'If that Dantès is reassured that his cause is just and his conscience is clear, that he can fulfill his plan while being able to forgive both his enemies and himself. After the Count's manipulation of the bond market, Danglars is left with only a destroyed reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfill their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. Abandoning his wife, Danglars flees to Italy with the Count's receipt, hoping to live in Vienna in anonymous prosperity. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by the Count's agent Luigi Vampa and is imprisoned the same way that Dantès was. Forced to pay exorbitant prices for food, Danglars eventually signs away all but 50,000 francs of the stolen five million (which Dantès anonymously returns to the hospitals). Nearly driven mad by his ordeal, Danglars finally repents his crimes. Dantès forgives Danglars and allows him to leave with his freedom and the money he has left. Maximilien Morrel, believing Valentine to be dead, contemplates suicide after her funeral. Dantès reveals his true identity and explains that he rescued Morrel's father from bankruptcy, disgrace and suicide years earlier. He persuades Maximilien to delay his suicide for a month. On the island of Monte Cristo a month later, Dantès presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves for an unknown destination to find comfort and a new love with Haydée, who has declared her love for him.

Characters
This list will be updated as we meet new characters in our reading (first trimester only, of course).

Edmond Dantès' Identities
The protagonist of the novel. He goes away as a a young, kind, and loving man and comes back as a angry and vengeful man. He becomes a rich man, due to finding the treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. This is an identity taken by Edmond so he will not be recognized by his enemies when coming back home after thirteen years. He considered Edmond, his other self, dead and now he was a different person, the Count of Monte Cristo.
 * Edmond Dantès --
 * The Count of Monte Cristo

Katyhutchens3 20:44, 7 November 2011 (MST)

This identity was used to help give Julie her dowry so she could still marry Emanual.
 * Sinbad the Sailor

Used this identity to learn of what really caused him to be imprisoned and who helped to betray him.
 * Abbe Busoni

This gave him the oppurtunity to help Morrel out of his debt.
 * Clerk of Thomson and French

Main Characters
she is Edmond's fiancee. She marries Edmond's best friend, Fernand, because she was told that her beloved Edmond was dead. Even though people told her that her Edmond was dead, she still loved him and still believed that he was alive.
 * Danglars
 * Fernand Mondego
 * He is Dantes enemy. He tries to win the heart of Mercedes and when Edmond gets put in prison, the two of them marry. Fernand practically steals Edmond's lover. Fernand is the first person Edmond seeks revenge on when he escapes from prison. Leah Crawford 21:21, 10 November 2011 (MST)
 * Mercédès
 * Abbe Faria
 * Valentine de Villefort
 * Gerard de Villefort
 * Heloise de Villefort

Katyhutchens3 19:53, 7 November 2011 (MST)

Minor Characters

 * Louis Dantès
 * Monsieur Pierre Morrel
 * Caderousse
 * Max Morrel
 * Julie Morrel Herbault
 * Emmanuel Herbault
 * Monsieur de Saint-Meran
 * Madame de Saint-Meran
 * Renee de Saint-Meran

Motifs
-The Red Silk Purse: This occurs twice in a story. This purse was given to M. Mortal to keep him from committing suicide and keeping his business afloat.

Suicide
Edmond Dantes He tries to commit suicide multiple times. He was always questioning whether or not he should do it, but finally decided not to when he thought about getting vengeance on those that put him in the Chateau d'f.

Katyhutchens3 20:33, 7 November 2011 (MST)

Add Your Own!
After you've read the novel, you may be able to identify a motif you noticed. If you can, feel free to edit this section and add your motif.

Symbols
A symbol is an object, character, image, or even a color that the author uses to represent another character, object, or concept within the work (look at our archetypes poster for some examples). Again, we'll be using Sparknotes for our original examples, but you should be able to identify symbolism on your own as you read.

Add Your Own!
After you've read the novel, you may be able to identify a symbol you noticed. If you can, feel free to edit this section and add your symbol.

Historical Background
Dumas, as all good writers do, wrote from his own life history and experience. One of the primary backdrops for his romance is the story of Napoleon Bonaparte, also known as Napoleon I, the Emperor of France.

In 1793, the French king Louis XVI was executed by revolutionaries. The country was controlled by various factions until around 1800, when Napoleon and a group of contemporaries began establishing power by staging a coup and overthrowing the government. Napoleon's power grew until he declared himself Emperor in December 1804.

Napoleon's reign was not free from difficulty; he was himself overthrown in April of 1814 and exiled to an island called Elba. While on Elba, Napoleon was able to establish a small army and he returned to France in February 1815. They gained control in March, and Napoleon ruled for a period of time known as the Hundred Days. In July, Napoleon was overthrown once more and exiled again, this time on Saint Helena, an island of the west coast of Africa. It was there that Napoleon would die in 1821. ,

Dumas' father, a Haitian of mixed descent, was a general during Napoleon's rise to power.

Plot Influences
In an essay, Dumas reveals that much of the inspiration for the novel came from a collection of true crime stories collected by a French police archivist. That essay is posted online, but is in French. I will post a link to the English translation so the more curious of you can read it if you wish.

Film and TV

 * 1934 The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
 * 1940 The Son of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
 * 1946 The Return of Monte Cristo, directed by Henry Levin
 * 1956 The Count of Monte Cristo, TV Series based on Edmund's life after the novel
 * 1964 The Count of Monte Cristo, BBC TV Series
 * 1975 Count of Monte Cristo, directed by David Greene
 * 1977 The Great Vendetta, Hong Kong adaptation starring Adam Chong
 * 2002 The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds
 * 2010 Ezel (TV Series), Turkish television series
 * 2011 Revenge, television series adaptation of the Count of Monte Cristo

Sequels (Books)

 * 1853 A Mão do Finado, Alfredo Hogan
 * 1881 The Son of Monte Cristo, Jules Lermima
 * 1869 The Countess of Monte Cristo, Jean Charles Du Boys
 * 1946 The Wife of Monte Cristo